Presidential Temperament: The Unfolding of Character in the Forty Presidents of the United States

Twenty of the American Presidents were Guardians, fourteen were Artisans, eight were Rationalists, and none were Idealists. Half of them did what was sanctioned by law, the rest did what would get the job done, with or without legal authority. Their inborn temperament and acquired methods for getting results pre-determined their results before, during, and after their presidency. The authors say temperament dominates circumstances in determining presidential behaviour, in war and peace, in prosperity and depression, in domestic and foreign politics.